All Teachers are Reflective Teachers

All Teachers are Reflective Teachers While there is agreement among education researchers that reflective teachers are effective teachers, there very little evidence in recent research to recommend just how much reflection teachers need to do. There is also very little evidence in past research that outlines just how a teacher should reflect on his or her practice. Yet there is undisputed evidence that suggests that teaching without reflection can lead to bad practice, imitation in instruction  Lortie (1975). So how important is the use of reflection  to a teachers practice? The research suggests that the amount of reflection or how that reflection is recorded is not nearly as important as when the teacher has had the opportunity to reflect on his or her teaching. Teachers who wait to reflect may not be as accurate in their reflections about what happens during the swampy lowlands of practice. In other words, if a teachers reflection is distanced by time, that reflection may revise the past to fit a present belief.    In an article titled Teacher Reflection In a Hall of Mirrors: Historical Influences and Political Reverberations (2003), the researcher Lynn Fendler makes the case that teachers are already reflective by nature as they continuously make adjustments in instruction.   ...the laborious attempts to  facilitate  reï ¬â€šective practices for teachers ï ¬â€šy in the face of the  truism expressed  in the epigraph of this article, namely, that there is  no such  thing as an unreï ¬â€šective teacher. Teachers spend so much time preparing for and delivering lessons, that it is easy to see why they often do not spend their valuable time to record their reflections on lessons in journals unless required. Instead, most teachers reflect-in-action, a term suggested by researcher Donald  Schon   (1987). This kind of reflection-in-action  is the kind of reflection that occurs  in  the classroom in order to produce a necessary change at that moment. This form of reflection-in-action is slightly different than reflection-on-action. In reflection-on-action,   the teacher considers past actions relative soon after instruction in order to be ready for an adjustment in a similar situation.   So, while reflection cannot be packaged as prescribed practice, there is a general understanding that teacher reflection-in-action or on-action results in effective teaching.   Methods of Teacher Reflection Despite the lack of concrete evidence supporting  reflection as an effective  practice and the lack of available time, a teachers reflection is required by many school districts as part of the  teacher evaluation  program. There are many different ways that teachers can include reflection as part of their own path towards professional development and to satisfy evaluation programs. A daily reflection is when teachers take a few moments at the end of the day to debrief on the days events. Typically, this should not take more than a few moments. When reflection is done over a period of time, the information can be illuminating. Some teachers keep a daily journal while others simply jot down notes about issues that they had in class. Consider asking, What worked in this lesson? How do I know it worked? At the end of a teaching unit, once assessments have all been graded, a teacher may want to take some time to reflect on the unit as a whole. Answering questions can help guide teachers as they decide what they want to keep and what they want to change the next time they teach the same unit. For example, Overall which lessons worked and which didnt?With which skills did students struggle the most? Why?Which learning objectives seemed the easiest for students? What made those work better?Were the end results of the unit what I had expected and hoped for? Why or why not? At the end of a semester  or school year, a teacher may look back over the students grades in order to try and make an overall judgment about the practices and strategies that are positive as well as areas that need improvement. What To Do With Reflections Reflecting on what went right and wrong with lessons and classroom situations is one thing. However, figuring out what to do with that information is quite another. Time spent in reflection can help ensure that this information can be used to produce real change for growth to occur.   There are several ways teachers can use the information they learned about themselves through reflection: Teachers can reflect on their successes and find reasons to celebrate. They may use their reflections to recommend the actions that lead to success for students in next years lessons.Teachers can individually or collectively reflect on areas that need improvement and look for areas where lessons did not have the desired academic impact.Teachers can reflect on any housekeeping issues that arose or areas where classroom management needed some work.   Reflection is an ongoing process and someday, the evidence may provide more specific guidelines for teachers. Reflection as a practice in education is evolving, and so are teachers.

Social Security act of 1935 essays

Social Security act of 1935 essays During the 1930s the Great Depression triggered a crises in the nations economic life. The Great Depression left millions people unemployed and penniless. President Franklin D. Roosevelts administration searched for a way to jump-start the economy. This was that backbone of the Social Security Act of 1935. On August 14, 1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the original social security act. The original social security act was part of Franklin D. Roosevelts plan called The New Deal. The New Deal was created to help jump-start the economy by provider unemployed workers with jobs. The original social security act was created to help retired workers, by paying them a continuing income after retirement. Today social security has grown to become an essential factor of modern life. One in every six Americans receives a social security benefit and about ninety-eight percent of all workers are in jobs covered by social security. Over time the original social security act has went through many changes and amendments. Some of the important changes the original social security act went through was is broaden to include survivor benefits, disability benefits, health-care benefits, and automatic cost-of-living adjustments. Its first amendment was in 1939, which added two new categories to the benefits. These categories are payment of the spouse and minor children of retired workers and survivor benefits paid to family in the event of the premature death of the worker. In 1950 it went through its second amendment which raised benefits for the first time ever and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Then it went through its third amendment, which added a disability insurance program that provides the public with additional coverage against economic insecurity. In 1956 the social security act was amended to provided benefits to disabled workers. ...

Managing Property Businesses Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Property Businesses - Term Paper Example To remain competitive, organizations have to evaluate their strategies to make sure they align with business needs - both today and in the future. They need to deliver new business value and growth in the market through product innovation, more personalized customer service or transforming business processes They must be able to anticipate, rapidly respond and always be available. Organizations are looking to make better use of resources that they have, whether by saving a step in a business process or by improving linkages with their business partners. Organizations are looking to get more out of the resources they have in place so they can be freed up to generate additional opportunity. They want to reduce their operating costs so that they can invest in growth and opportunity. The need for a suitable workforce seems to be at the top of these reasons for relocation."Most businesses start in a small facility, such as the founder's garage, and then move to bigger quarters in the same city", says L. Clinton Hoch, director of location advisory services for DCG Corplan Consulting (a site selection consultancy in West Orange, New Jersey). Later, the business outgrows that location or begins to find fault with its facilities, services, utilities, infrastructure or other features. "Usually only after a business owner goes through those stages is he or she ready to make a move out of the original area," says L. Clinton Hoch. Relocating may be one of the best things that can be done for a business. Whether we are moving by choice or by necessity (our lease is up and our landlord is raising the rent), relocation is not an easy task. There are issues like location scouting, commercial realtors, negotiating, number crunching, licenses, packing, unpacking, mail forwarding.  Ã‚  

Lack of parking in asu campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lack of parking in asu campus - Essay Example The university receives over 2000 visitors a day. The parking space cannot accommodate all vehicles hoping to park on the campus. Students park outside the university premises in order to reduce the problem of congestion and high parking fee. They park at a distance of 15 minutes to 1hour’s walk to campus. Some of the students are now forced not to come with their vehicles to school. I propose ASU to reduce the cost of campus parking and provide additional parking. Different plans have been laid down to solve fee payment of the vehicle. Generally, the students of ASU should not be involved in paying the parking fee. The university authority has also tried to solve the problem through instituting fines on those who fail to pay the parking fee, putting up more buildings and shades for parking. I think that there is no need for raising fee payment for parking to the students of the ASU since the university should cater for their issues. Parking the vehicles outside the campus compound is not safe for parking since it is risky (Todd Web). I therefore, wish that the institution should reduce payment fees to the students than to the visitors. However, there is no need for the campus students to pay for the parking fee since they are entitled to use the campus resources simply because they pay the fee. ASU entered in to a contract with a private developer to begin constructing a hotel and a conference centre on Mill Avenue and University Drive (Arizona State University Web). This was done in order to create more space for students’ recreation and parking. Parking and Transit Services was established to curb the complex parking situation at the campus. The regulations are published and made law in all the premises of ASU for easy utilisation of the parking spaces (Yara Web). The university authority assigned the duty of providing parking areas on the campus, imposing fines and collection of

Paul Lutus Advertising Essay Example for Free

Paul Lutus Advertising Essay In his article entitled Consumer Angst written in 2007, Paul Lutus claimed that â€Å"No matter how true any single advertisement is, modern advertising, taken as a whole, tells a lie — that you need the thing being advertised. † To explain his point, Paul Lutus further claims that valuable consumer goods need not be advertised because it is a necessity by itself and no promotion is needed for it to attract and obtain sales. Moreover, he explained that the quality of the product should speak for itself and there is no need to â€Å"waste company’s money asserting the obvious†. In his above-mentioned arguments, Paul Lutus obviously focuses only on one aspect of advertising which is to sell. He missed to appreciate the other function of advertising which is to inform. Advertising, as defined by Wikipedia. org, â€Å"is the form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them†. The primary purpose of advertising is to create public awareness about a certain product or service that is being advertised. It aims to communicate to the intended audience that such a product or service exists. As Taflinger (1996) claims â€Å"the basic purpose of advertising is to identify and differentiate one product from another in order to persuade the consumer to buy that product in preference to another. † Advertising is usually used to create a unique image that will be identified to a product or service. The message that is being communicated usually highlights the best features of the product – its uniqueness, usability, best characteristics, etc. – that will customer’s attention to it. After providing information on the product or service features, advertising’s goal is to entice customers to try out the product. It is therefore safe to claim that the end-goal of any advertisement is to generate sales in terms of product or service. However, while it is true that every advertising campaign is aimed at generating revenue for the brand that is being advertised, it is not proper to claim that all advertisements are lies. Even premium brands such as Nike, Armani, Prada and others do advertise their products. These brands are sought after and have all proven to be of good quality. But these brands still invest on advertisement. Advertising has become an important part of today’s business. With new products sprouting like mushrooms everyday, competition has become stiff and advertising has taken a big role in allowing the product or service to compete in the market. In his article entitled â€Å"Educating the Consumer about Advertising: Some Issues† Stephen Gotlieb (1991) explains that advertising â€Å"promotes competition among producers of products and services, keeps prices low through the development of mass markets, encourages store owners to stock a variety of items, supports free expression by funding media sources, and spurs invention†. The more you are seen and understood by your customers, the bigger chance you have to stay in the mainstream. It is therefore important to get you message through, so that your product or service gets noticed. Or else, your offer will just perish. Also, with the competition getting tighter, advertisers today cannot afford to rely on false claims for their products of services. With a lot of other options available in the market, a single wrong claim will trigger the customer to try out other product. It is the role of advertising to entice customers and encourage them to try out the product. Once the customer is convinced with the advertising claim and decides to avail the product or service, it is now the role of the product to prove itself and embody what is being stated in the advertising claim. It is therefore crucial to communicate the message that best embodies the product. Once advertised, the product or service is already exposed to t he public eye and scrutiny. Unless the customer has already tried out the product or service, their perception of the product will depend on the advertisement. It will either make or break the future of the product or service depending on how you position the message about the product. Therefore, while an advertisement is typically used to create or alter the consumer’s perception of a product and induce them into buying it, it cannot be said that it is Always  a lie. For obvious reasons, advertisements only highlight the good side of the products or services. We cannot blame the advertisers to do this. While they are obviously banking on the good side of their offer, we cannot accuse them of telling us a lie. The beauty of advertising is it gives the customers the chance to evaluate the competing products or services even before purchasing it through the product claims.

The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is hardly any emotion in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth that outweighs that of guilt. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are seriously compromised by the impact of this emotion.    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth:    Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeth's guilt and his hallucinations:    The future moment is the moment of guilt, and it imposes on one, until it is reached, the intolerable strain of remaining innocent. [. . .] Macbeth's capacity for seeing things that may or may not be there is almost limitless, and the appearance of the mousetrap play to Claudius, though more easily explained, has the same dramatic point as the appearance of Banquo's ghost. (90)    Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" asserts that Lady Macbeth was unconscious of her guilt, which nevertheless killed her:    A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Charact... ... Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

The terms color blind and diversity

The terms color blind and diversity are widely used in affirmative action but they are not synonymous. Applied properly, color blind should be taken to mean without distinction to color. This means that the policies such as affirmative action should neither advance nor protect the interests of any race. As compared to diversity, this is understood to provide the necessary preferential treatment in order to advance the interests of all races, being color blind is not related to racial relations but instead advocates the lack of any racial undertones.To arrive at a better understanding of how these terms work it is important to briefly discuss affirmative action. Affirmative action has been praised and pilloried as the answer to racial inequality. First introduced by President Kennedy in 1961, â€Å"Affirmative action† was designed as a method of reducing the discrimination that had remained despite the civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees.It was a method that was put in place as a â€Å"Temporary Measure to Level the Playing Field† through the offering of the same opportunities to all Americans. As the video shows, the struggle for racial equality has taken different paths in American history. For some, it has mean equal opportunity and righting of a wrong long since committed, for others it remains a constant struggle not only for survival but for recognition.There have been several violations that have disenfranchised many but this clear violation of the Constitution prompted many to create a landmark law that will turn the tide once and for all. It was â€Å"Affirmative Action† that was supposed to save America from the evils of racism and discrimination but this directive failed and in fact it even backfired and instead of helping the oppressed it made them look less worthy of respect as ever before.As such, it is clear that being color blind, while different from encouraging diversity, is oftentimes interchanged and can have disastrous results. These concepts, however, are not mutually exclusive and may co-exist under the proper circumstances. It must be remembered that in order for Civil Rights plans such as Affirmative Action to work there must be a fine balance to encourage racial diversity but at the same time not lead to discrimination of other races.